{"id":20632,"date":"2025-07-22T09:00:54","date_gmt":"2025-07-22T09:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enertechsolution.it\/hydrogen-challenges-and-solutions-in-hard-to-abate-sectors\/"},"modified":"2026-09-24T15:50:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T15:50:43","slug":"hydrogen-challenges-and-solutions-in-hard-to-abate-sectors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enertechsolution.it\/en\/hydrogen-challenges-and-solutions-in-hard-to-abate-sectors\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrogen Challenges and Solutions in &#8220;Hard-to-Abate&#8221; Sectors"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;custom&#8221; custom_text_color=&#8221;#cccccc&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; top_margin=&#8221;-75&#8243; bottom_margin=&#8221;-80&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Photo by Petrmalinak on Freepik<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<strong>Author: Federico Re Ferr\u00e8<br \/>\n<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_color=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;20px&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;padding-3-percent&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2>Key Points of the Article<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"nectar-fancy-ul\" data-list-icon=\"icon-salient-check\" data-animation=\"false\" data-animation-delay=\"0\" data-color=\"accent-color\" data-spacing=\"default\" data-alignment=\"left\"> \n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"282\">\n<p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"282\"><strong data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"160\">Hard-to-abate sectors<\/strong> are those in which <strong data-start=\"180\" data-end=\"232\">decarbonization is particularly difficult<\/strong> but essential for the energy transition.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"282\">\n<p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"282\">There are <strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"323\">two industrial sectors<\/strong> that require <strong data-start=\"343\" data-end=\"361\">green hydrogen<\/strong>: those that use <strong data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"395\">fossil fuels<\/strong> and those that use <strong data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"426\">fossil hydrogen<\/strong> as <strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"444\">a reactant<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"594\">\n<p data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"594\">Hydrogen is essential in the production of <strong data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"512\">steel, ceramics, glass,<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"512\">cement<\/strong>, as well as in <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"539\">chemical processes<\/strong> such as the production of <strong data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"593\">ammonia, methanol, and iron<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"715\">\n<p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"715\">The <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"640\">PNRR has allocated 1 billion euros<\/strong> to replace 10% of the natural gas used in production processes with <strong data-start=\"702\" data-end=\"714\">hydrogen<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"882\">\n<p data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"882\">The <strong data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"743\">main obstacles<\/strong> to the widespread adoption of green hydrogen are <strong data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"804\">high costs<\/strong>,<strong data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"837\">the impact on final prices<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"881\">need for supportive policies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n <\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][nectar_cta btn_style=&#8221;next-section&#8221; btn_type=&#8221;down-arrow-bounce&#8221; next_section_color=&#8221;#15715a&#8221; next_section_down_arrow_animation=&#8221;default&#8221; next_section_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; alignment=&#8221;right&#8221; alignment_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; alignment_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; display_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; display_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; margin_bottom=&#8221;-60&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; id=&#8221;Vantaggi del BIM&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]In the fight against <strong data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"415\">carbon emissions<\/strong>, particular attention is focused on the so-called <strong data-start=\"470\" data-end=\"487\">\u201chard-to-abate\u201d<\/strong> sectors\u2014that is, <strong data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"559\">sectors where decarbonization is very difficult<\/strong>. This is a very broad topic, but in the remainder of this article, we will attempt to provide an overview of <strong data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"684\">the \u201chard-to-abate\u201d sectors<\/strong> and the use<strong data-start=\"701\" data-end=\"738\">of hydrogen as a potential solution<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2>Industrial Sectors and the Need for Green Hydrogen<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"930\">There are two broad <strong data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"866\">categories of industrial applications<\/strong> that require <strong data-start=\"886\" data-end=\"904\">green hydrogen<\/strong> to become sustainable:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"1102\">\n<li data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"985\">sectors that <strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"983\">use fossil fuels<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1102\">\n<p data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1102\">sectors that <strong data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1029\">already use hydrogen<\/strong>, but which in turn is derived from fossil fuels without CO\u2082 capture<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1465\">The first category <strong data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1169\">would use hydrogen as a fuel<\/strong>, while the second already uses fossil-derived hydrogen\u2014but <strong data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1249\">as a reactant<\/strong>. <strong data-start=\"1251\" data-end=\"1405\">Currently, about 95% of the country\u2019s hydrogen consumption is produced and used primarily in refineries and the petrochemical industry<\/strong>, while <strong data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1462\">99% of it is used as a raw material<\/strong>.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][nectar_global_section id=&#8221;8700&#8243;][divider line_type=&#8221;No Line&#8221; custom_height=&#8221;50&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2>Hydrogen as a Fuel: Industrial Applications<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"1532\" data-end=\"1933\">The applications that would require <strong data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1619\">hydrogen to replace fossil fuels<\/strong> are primarily <strong data-start=\"1643\" data-end=\"1702\">steel, glass, cement, ceramics, and paper production<\/strong>. These applications require <strong data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1775\">high temperatures<\/strong>, and although it is theoretically possible to achieve them using electric furnaces and reactors, electrification would result in lower efficiency and reliability. <\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1935\" data-end=\"2262\"><strong data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"2009\">Hydrogen has<\/strong> also<strong data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"2009\">been considered for hard-to-abate sectors<\/strong> by public institutions, as well as by the private sector, with the <strong data-start=\"2065\" data-end=\"2073\">PNRR<\/strong> allocating <strong data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2226\">1 billion for projects and initiatives aimed at replacing 10% of the natural gas and fossil fuels<\/strong> used in production processes.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3>Steel Projects and Solutions<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Snam and RINA oversaw the pilot project at <strong>the GIVA Group\u2019s Rho Forging plant<\/strong>, where a <strong>30% mixture of natural gas and hydrogen<\/strong> supplied by the Sapio Group was used to preheat the furnaces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RINA is also coordinating the European project <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devh2eaf.eu\/\" data-start=\"2787\" data-end=\"2830\"><strong data-start=\"2788\" data-end=\"2803\">DEvH2forEAF<\/strong><\/a> for the development of a <strong>new hydrogen burner<\/strong>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tenaris, Edison, and Snam announced in 2021 their intention to adopt green hydrogen at Tenaris\u2019s Dalmine site by installing a 20-MW electrolyzer;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alfaacciai.it\/news\/idrogeno-verde-acciaierie-di-sicilia\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3309\">Enel Green Power and Acciaierie di Sicilia<\/a> plan to replace as much as <strong>30% of the natural gas<\/strong> used in the reheating furnace with hydrogen;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3>Projects in the Ceramics Industry<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"4236\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2021, <strong>Iris Ceramica Group<\/strong> decided to partner with Snam to build the first ceramics factory in Castellarano powered entirely by green hydrogen;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, Atlas Concorde invested 60 million euros in the expansion of its Modena plant to make its porcelain tile production capable of using hydrogen as a fuel;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enelx.com\/it\/it\/comunicati-stampa\/2022\/08\/ceramica-mediterranea-decarbonizzazione\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"4019\" data-end=\"4137\">Ceramica Mediterranea<\/a> has partnered with Enel to <strong data-start=\"4184\" data-end=\"4205\">replace LPG<\/strong> in one of its firing lines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3>Hydrogen in Glass and Concrete<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"4283\" data-end=\"4293\"><strong data-start=\"4283\" data-end=\"4293\">Glass:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4295\" data-end=\"5072\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Murano\u2019s<\/strong> historic <strong>glassworks<\/strong> are preparing to develop hydrogen-powered furnaces thanks to a collaboration between the Glass Section of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metropolitano.it\/vetro-murano-sperimentazione-combustione-idrogeno\/\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"4405\" data-end=\"4561\">Confindustria Venezia, Hydrogen Park, and the Glass Research Station<\/a>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>Bormioli Group<\/strong>, in collaboration with RINA and Snam, is testing the introduction of increasing percentages of hydrogen into existing furnaces to understand the current limitations and develop furnaces capable of operating on <strong>100% hydrogen<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Enel Green Power and RCR Cristallerie Italiane<\/strong> (a company specializing in eco-friendly crystal) are collaborating on the use of hydrogen to replace natural gas in the flame-polishing process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5074\" data-end=\"5086\"><strong data-start=\"5074\" data-end=\"5086\">Cement:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5088\" data-end=\"5565\">\n<li data-start=\"5088\" data-end=\"5437\">\n<p data-start=\"5090\" data-end=\"5437\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Buzzi Unicem, in <\/strong>collaboration with Italgas, will conduct a feasibility study to explore the possibility of producing methane from <strong>green hydrogen and CO2 captured <\/strong>before it is released into the atmosphere, for use in cement production. The direct use of hydrogen is currently problematic because a hydrogen flame emits less heat than a methane flame. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2>Hydrogen as a Reagent in Industrial Processes<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"5627\" data-end=\"5713\">The main industrial applications in which hydrogen is used as <strong data-start=\"5700\" data-end=\"5712\">a reactant<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5715\" data-end=\"6362\">\n<li data-start=\"5715\" data-end=\"5824\">\n<p data-start=\"5717\" data-end=\"5824\"><strong data-start=\"5717\" data-end=\"5746\">Oil Refining<\/strong>: <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrogen is used in refining processes known as \u201ccracking\u201d or \u201chydrocracking,\u201d in which high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in crude oil are converted into lighter hydrocarbons used as transportation fuels, primarily gasoline and diesel.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5825\" data-end=\"5999\">\n<p data-start=\"5827\" data-end=\"5999\"><strong data-start=\"5827\" data-end=\"5854\">Ammonia Production<\/strong>: <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia, NH3,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  It is currently produced using the <strong>Haber-Bosch<\/strong> synthesis process, which involves reacting nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of a ferrous catalyst. Ammonia is primarily used in the production of fertilizers, where it helps enrich the soil with nitrogen. Here is its formula:  <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>N2 + 3H2 \u2192 2NH3<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"6002\" data-end=\"6093\"><strong data-start=\"6002\" data-end=\"6028\">Methanol production<\/strong>: <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrogen is also used to produce methanol through a catalytic reaction with CO at high temperatures (approximately 250\u00b0C) and pressures (50\u2013100 bar), as illustrated below:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>CO + 2H\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2083OH  <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infobuild.it\/approfondimenti\/rinnovabili-idrogeno-siderurgia-acciaio-verde\/\"><strong data-start=\"6096\" data-end=\"6133\">Direct Reduction of Iron (DRI)<\/strong><\/a>:  <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iron production requires that iron oxide be reduced in order to remove the oxygen. Currently, coal is often used, but this results in the production of <strong>2 metric tons of CO2<\/strong> per metric ton of iron; less frequently, methane is used, which results in only 0.5 metric tons of CO2 per metric ton of iron. The use of green hydrogen, although technically feasible, is still very expensive compared to the use of coal.  <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2>Conclusions: Economic Obstacles and Prospects<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"6420\" data-end=\"6809\">Hydrogen therefore plays an important role in <strong data-start=\"6473\" data-end=\"6497\">industrial processes<\/strong> as a reactant; as previously mentioned, <strong data-start=\"6538\" data-end=\"6577\">most of it is derived from fossil fuels<\/strong> and, consequently, is <strong data-start=\"6601\" data-end=\"6637\">a major source of CO\u2082 emissions<\/strong>. <strong data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6678\">The adoption of green hydrogen<\/strong>\u2014both as a reactant and as a fuel\u2014will be one of the most effective drivers for the <strong data-start=\"6761\" data-end=\"6808\">decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6837\">The main <strong data-start=\"6824\" data-end=\"6836\">obstacles<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"7067\">\n<li data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"6906\">\n<p data-start=\"6841\" data-end=\"6906\">Costs are still too high compared to conventional fuels<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6907\" data-end=\"6976\">\n<p data-start=\"6909\" data-end=\"6976\">Impacts on the final prices of goods (paper, ceramics, iron, etc.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6977\" data-end=\"7067\">\n<p data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"7067\">The Need for Government Policies to <strong data-start=\"7014\" data-end=\"7067\">Promote the Industrial Energy Transition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; el_id=&#8221;Metodologia BIM di per lo sviluppo di Smart City&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2><strong data-start=\"7077\" data-end=\"7104\">Sources and Further Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"7144\" data-end=\"9314\">\n<li data-start=\"7144\" data-end=\"7257\">\n<p data-start=\"7146\" data-end=\"7257\">HydroNews \u2013 <em data-start=\"7158\" data-end=\"7255\">Industry Special: Solutions and Projects for the Use of Hydrogen in \u201cHard-to-Abate\u201d Sectors<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7258\" data-end=\"7502\">\n<p data-start=\"7260\" data-end=\"7502\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7260\" data-end=\"7500\">Snam, RINA, and the GIVA Group<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7503\" data-end=\"7546\">\n<p data-start=\"7505\" data-end=\"7546\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devh2eaf.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7505\" data-end=\"7544\">DevH2forEAF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7547\" data-end=\"7734\">\n<p data-start=\"7549\" data-end=\"7734\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7549\" data-end=\"7732\">Tenaris, Edison, Snam<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7735\" data-end=\"7831\">\n<p data-start=\"7737\" data-end=\"7831\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alfaacciai.it\/news\/idrogeno-verde-acciaierie-di-sicilia\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7737\" data-end=\"7829\">Steelworks of Sicily<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7832\" data-end=\"7967\">\n<p data-start=\"7834\" data-end=\"7967\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7834\" data-end=\"7965\">Iris Ceramica Group<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7968\" data-end=\"8123\">\n<p data-start=\"7970\" data-end=\"8123\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7970\" data-end=\"8121\">Atlas Concorde<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8124\" data-end=\"8246\">\n<p data-start=\"8126\" data-end=\"8246\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enelx.com\/it\/it\/comunicati-stampa\/2022\/08\/ceramica-mediterranea-decarbonizzazione\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8126\" data-end=\"8244\">Mediterranean Ceramics<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8247\" data-end=\"8346\">\n<p data-start=\"8249\" data-end=\"8346\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.metropolitano.it\/vetro-murano-sperimentazione-combustione-idrogeno\/\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8249\" data-end=\"8344\">Murano Glass<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8347\" data-end=\"8480\">\n<p data-start=\"8349\" data-end=\"8480\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8349\" data-end=\"8478\">Assovetro \u2013 Bormioli<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8481\" data-end=\"8602\">\n<p data-start=\"8483\" data-end=\"8602\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8483\" data-end=\"8600\">RCR Cristallerie<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8603\" data-end=\"8829\">\n<p data-start=\"8605\" data-end=\"8829\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8605\" data-end=\"8827\">Italgas \u2013 Buzzi Unicem<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8830\" data-end=\"8950\">\n<p data-start=\"8832\" data-end=\"8950\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infobuild.it\/approfondimenti\/rinnovabili-idrogeno-siderurgia-acciaio-verde\/\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8832\" data-end=\"8948\">Infobuild \u2013 Green Steel<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8951\" data-end=\"9076\">\n<p data-start=\"8953\" data-end=\"9076\"><a rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"8953\" data-end=\"9074\">Energy Magazine<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9077\" data-end=\"9174\">\n<p data-start=\"9079\" data-end=\"9174\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chimicaindustrialeessenziale.org\/metalli\/ferro\/\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"9079\" data-end=\"9172\">Essential Industrial Chemistry<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9175\" data-end=\"9314\">\n<p data-start=\"9177\" data-end=\"9314\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ee-ip.org\/it\/article\/decarbonizzazione-profonda-dellindustria-il-settore-del-cemento-1773\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"9177\" data-end=\"9314\">EEIP \u2013 Decarbonization of Cement<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; 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background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][nectar_global_section id=&#8221;8729&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;custom&#8221; custom_text_color=&#8221;#cccccc&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; top_margin=&#8221;-75&#8243; bottom_margin=&#8221;-80&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221;&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12635,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wpb_vc_js_status":"","_wpb_shortcodes_custom_css":""},"categories":[191,54,173,188,198,170,199,178,55,163,185,187],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-carbon-footprint","category-counseling","category-design","category-due-diligence","category-energy-consumption-monitoring","category-energy-diagnosis","category-energy-manager","category-energy-intensive-industries","category-industry","category-plant-design","category-technical-services","category-third-party-procedures"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hydrogen Challenges and Solutions in &quot;Hard-to-Abate&quot; 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